Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. IV: “The Convent From the Point of View of Principles”
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- #1Vol. I, Book I, Chap. I: “M. Myriel”
Victor Hugo
- #2Vol. I, Book I, Chap. II: “M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome”
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- #3Vol. I, Book I, Chap. III: “A Hard Bishopric for a Good Bishop”
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- #4Vol. I, Book I, Chap. IV: “Works Corresponding to Words”
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- #5Vol. I, Book I, Chap. V: “Monseigneur Bienvenu Made his Cassocks Last too Long”
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- #6Vol. I, Book I, Chap. VI: “Who Guarded His House for Him”
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- #7Vol. I, Book I, Chap. VII: “Cravatte”
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- #8Vol. I, Book I, Chap. VIII: “Philosophy After Drinking”
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- #9Vol. I, Book I, Chap. IX: “The Brother as Depicted by the Sister”
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- #10Vol. I, Book I, Chap. X: “The Bishop in the Presence of an Unknown Light”
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- #11Vol. I, Book I, Chap. XI: “A Restriction”
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- #12Vol. I, Book I, Chap. XII: “The Solitude of Monseigneur Welcome”
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- #13Vol. I, Book I, Chap. XIII: “What He Believed”
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- #14Vol. I, Book I, Chap. XIV: “What He Thought”
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- #15Vol. I, Book II, Chap. I: “The Evening of a Day of Walking”
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- #16Vol. I, Book II, Chap. II: “Prudence Counselled to Wisdom”
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- #17Vol. I, Book II, Chap. III: “The Heroism of Passive Obedience”
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- #18Vol. I, Book II, Chap. IV: “Details Concerning the Cheese-Dairies of Pontarlier”
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- #19Vol. I, Book II, Chap. V: “Tranquility”
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- #20Vol. I, Book II, Chap. VI: “Jean Valjean”
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- #21Vol. I, Book II, Chap. VII: “The Interior of Despair”
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- #22Vol. I, Book II, Chap. VIII: “Billows and Shadows”
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- #23Vol. I, Book II, Chap. IX: “New Troubles”
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- #24Vol. I, Book II, Chap. X: “The Man Aroused”
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- #25Vol. I, Book II, Chap. XI: “What He Does”
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- #26Vol. I, Book II, Chap. XII: “The Bishop Works”
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- #27Vol. I, Book II, Chap. XIII: “Little Gervais”
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- #28Vol. I, Book III, Chap. I: “The Year 1817”
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- #29Vol. I, Book III, Chap. II: “A Double Quartette”
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- #30Vol. I, Book III, Chap. III: “Four and Four”
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- #31Vol. I, Book III, Chap. IV: “Tholomyes is So Merry That He Sings a Spanish Ditty”
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- #32Vol. I, Book III, Chap. V: “At Bombarda’s”
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- #33Vol. I, Book III, Chap. VI: “A Chapter In Which They Adore Each Other”
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- #34Vol. I, Book III, Chap. VII: “The Wisdom of Tholomyes”
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- #35Vol. I, Book III, Chap. VIII: “The Death of a Horse”
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- #36Vol. I, Book III, Chap. IX: “A Merry End to Mirth”
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- #37Vol. I, Book IV, Chap. I: “One Mother Meets Another Mother”
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- #38Vol. I, Book IV, Chap. II: “First Sketch of Two Unpreposessing Figures”
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- #39Vol. I, Book IV, Chap. III: “The Lark”
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- #40Vol. I, Book V, Chap. I: “The History of A Progress in Black Glass Trinkets”
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- #41Vol. I, Book V, Chap. II: “Madeleine”
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- #42Vol. I, Book V, Chap. III: “Sums Deposited With Laffitte”
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- #43Vol. I, Book V, Chap. IV: “M. Madeleine in Mourning”
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- #44Vol. I, Book V, Chap. V: “Vague Flashes on the Horizon”
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- #45Vol. I, Book V, Chap. VI: “Father Fauchelevent”
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- #46Vol. I, Book V, Chap. VII: “Fauchelevent Becomes a Gardener in Paris”
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- #47Vol. I, Book V, Chap. VIII: “Madame Victurnien Expends Thirty Francs on Morality”
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- #48Vol. I, Book V, Chap. IX: “Madame Victurnien’s Success”
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- #49Vol. I, Book V, Chap. X: “Result of the Success”
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- #50Vol. I, Book V, Chap. XI: “Christus Nos Liberavit”
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- #51Vol. I, Book V, Chap. XII: “M. Bamatabois’s Inactivity”
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- #52Vol. I, Book V, Chap. XIII: “The Solution of Some Questions Connected with the Municipal Police”
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- #53Vol. I, Book VI, Chap. I”The Beginning of Repose”
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- #54Vol. I, Book VI, Chap. II: “How Jean May Become Champ”
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- #55Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. I: “Sister Simplice”
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- #56Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. II: “The Perspicacity of Master Scaufflaire”
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- #57Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. III: “A Tempest in a Skull”
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- #58Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. IV: “Forms Assumed By Suffering During Sleep”
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- #59Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. V: “Hindrances”
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- #60Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. VI: “Sister Simplice Put to the Proof”
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- #61Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. VII: “The Traveller on His Arrival Takes Precautions for Departure”
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- #62Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. VIII: “An Entrance by Favor”
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- #63Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. IX: “A Place Where Convictions are in Process of Formation”
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- #64Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. X: “The System of Denials”
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- #65Vol. I, Book VII, Chap. XI: “Champmathieu More and More Astonished”
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- #66Vol. I, Book VIII, Chap. I: “In What Mirror M. Madeleine Contemplates His Hair”
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- #67Vol. I, Book VIII, Chap. II: “Fantine Happy”
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- #68Vol. I, Book VIII, Chap. III: “Javert Satisfied”
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- #69Vol. I, Book VIII, Chap. IV: “Authority Reasserts Its Rights”
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- #70Vol. I, Book VIII, Chap. V: “A Suitable Tomb”
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- #71Vol. II, Book II, Chap. I: “What is Met With on the Way from Nivelles”
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- #72Vol. II, Book I, Chap. II: “Hougomont”
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- #73Vol. II, Book I, Chap. III: “The Eighteenth of June, 1815”
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- #74Vol. II, Book I, Chap. IV: “A”
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- #75Vol. II, Book I, Chap. V: “The Quid Obscurum of Battles”
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- #76Vol. II, Book I, Chap. VI: “Four O’Clock in the Afternoon”
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- #77Vol. II, Book I, Chap. VII: “Napoleon in a Good Humor”
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- #78Vol. II, Book I, Chap. VIII: “The Emperor Puts a Question to the Guide Lacoste”
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- #79Vol. II, Book I, Chap. IX: “The Unexpected”
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- #80Vol. II, Book I, Chap. X: “The Plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean”
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- #81Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XI: “A Bad Guide to Napoleon; A Good Guide to Bulow”
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- #82Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XII: “The Guard”
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- #83Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XIII: “The Catastrophe”
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- #84Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XIV: “The Last Square”
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- #85Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XV: “Cambronne”
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- #86Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XVI: “Quot Libras in Duce?”
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- #87Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XVII: “Is Waterloo to be Considered Good?”
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- #88Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XVIII: “A Recrudescence of Divine Right”
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- #89Vol. II, Book I, Chap. XIX: “The Battle-Field at Night”
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- #90Vol. II, Book II, Chap. I: “Number 24,601 Becomes Number 9,430”
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- #91Vol. II, Book II, Chap. II: “In Which the Reader Will Peruse Two Verses, Which are of the Devil’s Composition, Possibly”
Victor Hugo
- #92Vol. II, Book II, Chap. III: “The Ankle-Chain Must Have Undergone a Certain Preparatory Manipulation to be Thus Broken by a Blow With a Hammer”
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- #93Vol. II, Book III, Chap. I: “The Water Question at Montfermeil”
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- #94Vol. II, Book III, Chap. II: “Two Complete Portraits”
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- #95Vol. II, Book III, Chap. III: “Men Must Have Wine, and Horses Must Have Water”
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- #96Vol. II, Book III, Chap. IV: “Entrance on the Scene of a Doll”
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- #97Vol. II, Book III, Chap. V: “The Little One All Alone”
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- #98Vol. II, Book III, Chap. VI: “Which Possibly Proves Boulatruelle’s Intelligence”
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- #99Vol. II, Book III, Chap. VII: “Cosette Side by Side With the Stranger in the Dark”
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- #100Vol. II, Book III, Chap. VIII: “The Unpleasantness of Receiving Into One’s House A Poor Man Who May Be a Rich Man”
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- #101Vol. II, Book III, Chap. IX: “Thenardier and His Manoeuvres”
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- #102Vol. II, Book III, Chap. X: “He Who Seeks to Better Himself May Render His Situation Worse”
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- #103Vol. II, Book III, Chap. XI: “Number 9,430 Reappears, and Cosette Wins it in the Lottery”
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- #104Vol. I, Book IV, Chap. I: “Master Gorbeau”
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- #105Vol. II, Book IV, Chap. II: “A Nest for Owl and a Warbler”
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- #106Vol. II, Book IV, Chap. III: “Two Misfortunes Make One Piece of Good Fortune”
Victor Hugo
- #107Vol. II, Book IV, Chap. IV: “The Remarks of the Principal Tenant”
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- #108Vol. II, Book IV, Chap. V: “A Five-Franc Piece Falls on the Ground and Produces a Tumult”
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- #109Vol. II, Book V, Chap. I: “The Zigzags of Strategy”
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- #110Vol. II, Book V, Chap. II: “It is Lucky that the Pont D’Austerlitz Bears Carriages”
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- #111Vol. II, Book V, Chap. III: “To Wit, The Plan of Paris in 1727”
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- #112Vol. II, Book V, Chap. IV: “The Gropings of Flight”
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- #113Vol. II, Book V, Chap. V: “Which Would Be Impossible With Gas Lanterns”
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- #114Vol. II, Book V, Chap. VI: “The Beginning of an Enigma”
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- #115Vol. II, Book V, Chap. VII: “Continuation of the Enigma”
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- #116Vol. II, Book V, Chap. VIII: “The Enigma Becomes Doubly Mysterious”
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- #117Vol. II, Book V, Chap. IX: “The Man With the Bell”
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- #118Vol. II, Book V, Chap. X: “Which Explains How Javert Got on the Scent”
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- #119Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. I: “Number 62 Rue Petit-Picpus”
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- #120Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. II: “The Obedience of Martin Verga”
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- #121Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. III: “Austerities”
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- #122Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. IV: “Gayeties”
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- #123Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. V: “Distractions”
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- #124Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. VI: “The Little Convent”
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- #125Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. VII: “Some Silhouettes of This Darkness”
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- #126Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. VIII: “Post Corda Lapides”
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- #127Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. IX: “A Century Under a Guimpe”
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- #128Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. X: “Origin of the Perpetual Adoration”
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- #129Vol. II, Book VI, Chap. XI: “End of the Petit-Picpus”
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- #130Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. I: “The Convent as an Abstract Idea”
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- #131Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. II: “The Convent as an Historical Fact”
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- #132Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. III: “On What Conditions One Can Respect the Past”
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- #133Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. IV: “The Convent From the Point of View of Principles”
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- #134Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. V: “Prayer”
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- #135Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. VI: “The Absolute Goodness of Prayer”
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- #136Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. VII: “Precautions to be Observed in Blame”
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- #137Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. VIII: “Faith, Law”
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- #138Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. I: “Which Treats of the Manner of Entering a Convent”
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- #139Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. II: “Fauchelevent in the Presence of a Difficulty”
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- #140Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. III: “Mother Innocente”
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- #141Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. IV: “In Which Jean Valjean Has Quite the Air of Having Read Austin Castillejo”
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- #142Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. V: “It is Not Necessary to be Drunk to be Immortal”
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- #143Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. VI: “Between Four Planks”
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- #144Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. VII: “In Which Will be Found the Origin of the Saying: Don’t Lose the Card”
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- #145Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. VIII: “A Successful Interrogatory”
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- #146Vol. II, Book VIII, Chap. IX: “Cloistered”
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- #147Vol. III, Book I, Chap. I: “Parvulus”
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- #148Vol. III, Book I, Chap. II: “Some of his Particular Characteristics”
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- #149Vol. III, Book I, Chap. III: “He is Agreeable”
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- #150Vol. III, Book I, Chap. IV: “He May Be of Use”
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- #151Vol. III, Book I, Chap. V: “His Frontiers”
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- #152Vol. III, Book I, Chap. VI: “A Bit of History”
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- #153Vol. III, Book I, Chap. VII: “The Gamin Should Have his Place in the Classifications of India”
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- #154Vol. III, Book I, Chap. VIII: “In Which the Reader Will Find a Charming Saying of the Last King”
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- #155Vol. III, Book I, Chap. IX: “The Old Soul of Gaul”
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- #156Vol. III, Book I, Chap. X: “Ecce Paris, Ecce Homo”
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- #157Vol. III, Book I, Chap. XI: “To Scoff, To Reign”
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- #158Vol. III, Book I, Chap. XII: “The Future Latent in the People”
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- #159Vol. III, Book I, Chap. XIII: “Little Gavroche”
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- #160Vol. III, Book II, Chap. I: “Ninety Years and Thirty-Two Teeth”
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- #161Vol. III, Book II, Chap. II: “Like Master, Like House”
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- #162Vol. III, Book II, Chap. III: “Luc-Esprit”
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- #163Vol. III, Book II, Chap. IV: “A Centenarian Aspirant”
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- #164Vol. III, Book II, Chap. V: “Basque and Nicolette”
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- #165Vol. III, Book II, Chap. VI: “In Which Magnon and Her Two Children are Seen”
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- #166Vol. III, Book II, Chap. VII: “Rule: Receive No One Except in the Evening”
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- #167Vol. III, Book II, Chap. VIII: “Two Do Not Make a Pair”
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- #168Vol. III, Book III, Chap. I: “An Ancient Salon”
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- #169Vol. III, Book III, Chap. II: “One of the Red Spectres of That Epoch”
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- #170Vol. III, Book III, Chap. III: “Requiescant”
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- #171Vol. III, Book III, Chap. IV: “End of the Brigand”
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- #172Vol. III, Book III, Chap. V: “The Utility of Going to Mass, In Order to Become a Revolutionist”
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- #173Vol. III, Book III, Chap. VI: “The Consequences of Having Met a Warden”
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- #174Vol. III, Book III, Chap. VII: “Some Petticoat”
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- #175Vol. III, Book III, Chap. VIII: “Marble Against Granite”
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- #176Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. I: “A Group which Barely Missed Becoming Historic”
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- #177Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. II: “Blondeau’s Funeral Oration by Bossuet”
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- #178Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. IV”The Back Room of the Cafe Musain”
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- #179Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. III: “Marius’ Astonishments”
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- #180Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. V: “Enlargement of Horizon”
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- #181Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. VI: “Res Angusta”
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- #182Vol. III, Book V, Chap. I: “Marius Indigent”
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- #183Vol. III, Book V, Chap. II: “Marius Poor”
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- #184Vol. III, Book V, Chap. III: “Marius Grown Up”
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- #185Vol. III, Book V, Chap. IV: “M. Mabeuf”
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- #186Vol. III, Book V, Chap. V: “Poverty a Good Neighbor for Misery”
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- #187Vol. III, Book V, Chap. VI: “The Substitute”
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- #188Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. I: “The Sobriquet: Mode of Formation of Family Names”
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- #189Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. II: “Lux Facta Est”
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- #190Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. III: “Effect of the Spring”
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- #191Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. IV: “Beginning of a Great Malady”
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- #192Vol. III, Book IV, Chap. V: “Divers Claps of Thunder fall on Ma’am Bougon”
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- #193Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. IV: “Taken Prisoner”
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- #194Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. VII: “Adventures of the Letter U Delivered Over to Conjectures”
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- #195Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. VIII: “The Veterans Themselves Can Be Happy”
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- #196Vol. III, Book VI, Chap. IX: “Eclipse”
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- #197Vol. III, Book VII, Chap. I: “Mines and Miners”
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- #198Vol. III, Book VII, Chap. II: “The Lowest Depths”
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- #199Vol. III, Book VII, Chap. III: “Babet, Gueulemer, Claquesous, and Monparnasse”
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- #200Vol. III, Book VII, Chap. IV: “Composition of the Troupe”
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- #201Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. I: “Marius, While Seeking a Girl in a Bonnet, Encounters a Man in a Cap”
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- #202Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. II: “Treasure Trove”
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- #203Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. III: “Quadrifrons”
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- #204Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap IV: “A Rose in Misery”
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- #205Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. V: “A Providential Peep-Hole”
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- #206Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. VI: “The Wild Man in his Lair”
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- #207Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. VII: “Strategy and Tactics”
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- #208Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. VIII: “The Ray of Light in the Hovel”
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- #209Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. IX: “Jondrette Comes Near Weeping”
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- #210Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. X: “Tariff of Licensed Cabs: Two Francs an Hour”
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- #211Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XI: “Offers of Service from Misery to Wretchedness”
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- #212Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XII: “The Use Made of M. LeBlanc’s Five-Franc Piece”
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- #213Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XIII: “Solus Cum Solo, In Loco Remoto, Non Cogitabuntur Orare Pater Noster”
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- #214Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XIV: “In Which a Police Agent Bestows Two Fistfuls on a Lawyer”
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- #215Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XV: “Jondrette Makes His Purchases”
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- #216Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XVI: “In Which Will be Found the Words to an English Air Which was in Fashion in 1832”
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- #217Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XVII: “The Use Made of Marius’ Five-Franc Piece”
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- #218Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XVIII: “Marius’ Two Chairs From a Vis-a-Vis”
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- #219Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XIX: “Occupying One’s Self with Obscure Depths”
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- #220Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XX: “The Trap”
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- #221Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XXI: “One Should Always Begin by Arresting the Victims”
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- #222Vol. III, Book VIII, Chap. XXII: “The Little One Who Was Crying in Volume Two”
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- #223Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. I: “Well Cut”
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- #224Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. II: “Badly Sewed”
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- #225Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. III: “Louis Philippe”
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- #226Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. IV: “Cracks Beneath the Foundation”
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- #227Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. V: “Facts Whence History Springs and Which History Ignores”
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- #228Vol. IV, Book I, Chap. VI: “Enjolras and his Lieutenants”
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- #229Vol. IV, Book II, Chap. I: “The Lark’s Meadow”
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- #230Vol. IV, Book II, Chap. II: “Embryonic Formation of Crimes in the Incubation of Prisons”
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- #231Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. III: “Apparition to Father Mabeuf”
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- #232Vol. IV, Book II, Chap. IV: “An Apparition to Marius”
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- #233Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. I: “The House With a Secret”
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- #234Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. II: “Jean Valjean as a National Guard”
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- #235Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. III: “Foliis Ac Frondibus”
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- #236Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. IV: “Change of Gate”
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- #237Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. V: “The Rose Perceives That it is an Engine of War”
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- #238Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. VI: “The Battle Begun”
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- #239Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. VII: “To One Sadness Oppose a Sadness and a Half”
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- #240Vol. IV, Book III, Chap. VIII: “The Chain Gang”
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- #241Vol. IV, Book IV, Chap. I: “A Wound Without, Healing Within”
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- #242Vol. IV, Book IV, Chap. II: “Mother Plutarque Finds No Difficulty in Explaining a Phenomenon”
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- #243Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. I: “Solitude and the Barracks Combined”
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- #244Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. II: “Cosette’s Apprehensions”
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- #245Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. III: “Enriched with Commentaries by Toussaint”
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- #246Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. IV: “A Heart Beneath a Stone”
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- #247Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. V: “Cosette After the Letter”
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- #248Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. VI: “Old People are Made to Go Out Opportunely”
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- #249Vol. IV, Book VI, Chap. I: “The Malicious Playfulness of the Wind”
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- #250Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. II: “In Which Little Gavroche Extracts Profit from Napoleon the Great”
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- #251Vol. IV, Book V, Chap. III: “The Vicissitudes of Flight”
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- #252Vol. IV, Book VII, Chap. I: “Origin”
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- #253Vol. IV, Book VII, Chap. II: “Roots”
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- #254Vol. IV, Book VII, Chap. III: “Slang Which Weeps and Slang Which Laughs”
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- #255Vol. IV, Book VII, Chap. IV: “The Two Duties: To Watch and to Hope”
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- #256Vol. VI, Book VIII, Chap. I: “Full Light”
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- #257Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. II: “The Bewilderment of Perfect Happiness”
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- #258Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. III: “The Beginning of Shadow”
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- #259Vol. IV , Book VIII, Chap. IV: “A Cab Runs in English and Barks in Slang”
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- #260Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. VI: “Marius Becomes Practical Once More To The Extent of Giving Cosette His Address”
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- #261Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. V: “Things of the Night”
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- #262Vol. IV, Book VIII, Chap. VII: “The Old Heart And The Young Heart In The Presence Of Each Other”
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- #263Volume IV, Book IX, Chap I: ”Jean Valjean:
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- #264Volume IV, Book IX, Chap II: “Marius”
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- #265Part IV, Book X, Chap I: “The Surface of the Question”
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- #266Part IV, Book X, Chap II: “The Root of the Matter”
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- #267Part IV, Book X, Chap III: “A Burial, an Occasion to be Born Again”
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- #268Part IV, Book X, Chap IV: “The Ebullitions of Former Days”
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- #269Part IV, Book X, Chap V: “Originality of Paris”
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- #270Volume IV, Book IX, Chap III: “M. Mabeuf”
Victor Hugo
Vol. II, Book VII, Chap. IV: "The Convent From the Point of View of Principles" by Victor Hugo
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Victor HugoVol. II, Book VII, Chap. IV: “The Convent From the Point of View of Principles” Annotated
(VOLUME II: COSETTE; BOOK VII: PARENTHESIS)
Men unite themselves and dwell in communities. By virtue of what right? By virtue of the right of association.
They shut themselves up at home. By virtue of what right? By virtue of the right which every man has to open or shut his door.
They do not come forth. By virtue of what right? By virtue of the right to go and come, which implies the right to remain at home.
There, at home, what do they do?
They speak in low tones; they drop their eyes; they toil. They renounce the world, towns, sensualities, pleasures, vanities, pride, interests. They are clothed in coarse woollen or coarse linen. Not one of them possesses in his own right anything whatever. On entering there, each one who was rich makes himself poor. What he has, he gives to all. He who was what is called noble, a gentleman and a lord, is the equal of him who was a peasant. The cell is identical for all. All undergo the same tonsure, wear the same frock, eat the same black bread, sleep on the same straw, die on the same ashes. The same sack on their backs, the same rope around their loins. If the decision has been to go barefoot, all go barefoot. There may be a prince among them; that prince is the same shadow as the rest. No titles. Even family names have disappeared. They bear only first names. All are bowed beneath the equality of baptismal names. They have dissolved the carnal family, and constituted in their community a spiritual family. They have no other relatives than all men. They succor the poor, they care for the sick. They elect those whom they obey. They call each other "my brother."
You stop me and exclaim, "But that is the ideal convent!"
It is sufficient that it may be the possible convent, that I should take notice of it.
Thence it results that, in the preceding book, I have spoken of a convent with respectful accents. The Middle Ages cast aside, Asia cast aside, the historical and political question held in reserve, from the purely philosophical point of view, outside the requirements of militant policy, on condition that the monastery shall be absolutely a voluntary matter and shall contain only consenting parties, I shall always consider a cloistered community with a certain attentive, and, in some respects, a deferential gravity.
Wherever there is a community, there is a commune; where there is a commune, there is right. The monastery is the product of the formula: Equality, Fraternity. Oh! how grand is liberty! And what a splendid transfiguration! Liberty suffices to transform the monastery into a republic.
Let us continue.
But these men, or these women who are behind these four walls. They dress themselves in coarse woollen, they are equals, they call each other brothers, that is well; but they do something else?
Yes.
What?
They gaze on the darkness, they kneel, and they clasp their hands.
What does this signify?